Alaska's commercial herring industry began in 1878 when 30,000 pounds were marketed for human consumption. In Canada, DFO is pursuing collaborative strategies through its harvest advisory processes, Aboriginal fisheries initiatives, and integrated oceans management; co-management with First Nations is viewed as a major component of Pacific fisheries reform. Governance issues surrounding herring are situated within larger issues surrounding the governance of all traditionally harvested resources. While herring themselves feed on phyto- and zooplankton, the various life-stages of herring are a rich and abundant food for many land and sea creatures. The herring were originally used for human consumption, bait, and reduction (the production of fish meal and fish oil). In the fall, these juveniles move into deeper water and in 2 to 3 years, join the populations of adult herring. By the late 1900’s, court cases such as US v. Washington [1974] (the “Boldt Decision”), R. v. Sparrow [1990], R. v. Gladstone [1996], and R. v. Delgamuukw [1997] recognized Aboriginal Rights and Title and made it mandatory for the state-sanctioned management systems to consult with First Nations regarding fisheries management strategies. Fisheries managers identify commercial fishing as only one of several potential causes for the coast-wide decline in herring and lack of recovery since implementing conservation measures. However, the Canadian constitution recognizes that First Nations, Inuit, and Métis people have unique rights grounded in their longstanding use and occupation of the land and sea. Fishing technology changed over time, related to shifts in herring “products” needed to supply changing market demands. The Hakai Network’s “Herring School” is a collaboration of researchers from Simon Fraser University and other universities, and First Nations communities who are keenly interested in the cultural and ecological importance of herring. Photo: M.Wunsch, Puget Sound Through an Artist's Eye, University of Washington Press, predators such as whales, sea lions, and seals, habitat loss due to alteration of the foreshore. Bait harvest has extended to Dutch Harbor in the Aleutian Chain in recent years. Since the early 1970’s, herring have been primarily caught for its roe, which is shipped to Japan in large quantities. Many First Nations assert that they have authority to harvest a fair share of resources from -- and be meaningfully involved with management decisions of relevance to -- their traditional land-sea territories. 1985). By the late 1800’s, state-sanctioned management systems, such as the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG), the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) were the dominant decision makers on the Pacific coast, responsible for the management of Pacific herring and other fisheries stocks. On land, a variety of animals feed on herring, including black bears, wolves, mink, eagles, and other birds – and of course, humans. The annual herring spawn plays an important role in the seasonal movements and diets Although people agree that herring, like most small fish, tend to be naturally abundant, there is less agreement about how herring numbers are distributed over time and space. Most recently, the demand for herring roe in Japan is declining due to changing consumer preferences. We gratefully acknowledge the many teachings that were shared with us in the making of this web site. Following the Boldt Decision, WDFW share joint-control and decision making power with Aboriginal people through co-management of the herring fisheries. Young Pacific Herring (photo: Oregon Coast Aquarium). Past commercial uses included fish oil and fish meal. In the western North Pacific, they are found throughout the Western Bering Sea to Kamchatka, in the Sea of Okhotsk, around Hokkaido, Japan, and south and west to the Yellow Sea. Email Us, Board of Fisheries and Game: Actions & Activities, Alaska Resources Library and Information Services (ARLIS), About the Division of Commercial Fisheries, Western Alaska Salmon Stock Identification Program (WASSIP), Online General Season & Registration Permits, Subsistence and Personal Use Fishing Permits, CSIS – Community Subsistence Information System, The Technical Papers and Special Publications Series, Pacific Herring — Wildlife Notebook Series, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Office of Protected Resources.
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