A., and Bunawan, H. (2016b). Eksotika, was released by the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) in 1987. belongs to the family Caricaceae grown in Australia, Hawaii, Philippines, Sri Lanka, South Africa, India, Bangladesh, Malaysia and other countries in tropical America (Anuara, 2008). Last year-2.4%. PhD Dissertation, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor. Papaya (Carica papayaL.) Phenotypic changes and disease symptoms development were observed, and expression levels of these genes were affected by the pathogen infection when analyzed using real-time PCR. Sci. Sci. Ling et al. 5 Available at: http://faostat.fao.org, Fitch, M. M. (2005). Nevertheless, until another variety can surpass its aesthetic and quality fruit characteristics, Eksotika will remain an important papaya variety with export value that can contribute significantly to the world papaya varieties and Malaysian economy. Although it was first reported as Erwinia papayae by Maktar et al. Download Adobe Acrobat Reader (free software to read PDF files). Sarip, J., Radzuan, S. M., Ghazali, M. F., and Norasiah, R. (2015). It has robust growth characteristics with ability to grow in a wide range of soil types with good drainage system. Hamid, M. H., Rozano, L., Wee, C.-Y., Janna, O. The uses of pesticides or antibiotics were found ineffective in controlling papaya dieback disease. The transgenic plants produced were challenged with E. mallotivora in a controlled and contained environment to evaluate the degree of resistance. Thereafter, efforts were targeted at sequencing the genome of the pathogen (Redzuan et al., 2014). Furthermore, identification of potential papaya genes related to defense toward pathogen in vascular bundle were also made possible using data mined from the public domain, the Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) database1, the Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) Plant Transcript Assemblies (TA) database2, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway3 and Phytozome database version 10.34. The main problem is market .unless you have buy back arrangement or near to big cities easy transportation you are likely to be unsuccess in profit. Wee, C.-Y., Hamid, M. H., Zaidan, M. W. A. M., and Khairun, H. N. (2014b). The ripe flesh of a pawpaw is yellow with an orange tinge and papaya has a reddish pink colored flesh. Abdullah-Zawawi, M. R., Rozano, L., Redzuan, R. A., and Ling, A. C. K. (2015). J. Iran Biotech. Several lines for delayed ripening papaya are ready for field testing and ultimately commercialization. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Since plant defense mechanism functions in a complicated network of multiple genes interactions, bioinformatics tools made it easy to investigate the papaya mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) MPK4/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) genes interactions to predict their localizations and respective signature domains for their basic functional roles (Hamid et al., 2017). At the moment, Malaysia does not have a specific campaign to promote eating fruits and vegetables for health. Virus diseases of the papaya in Florida. Potential novel Long Intervening Non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) were also discovered from the high-throughput transcriptomic sequences obtained, and further in silico functional analyses revealed their potential roles in plant defense responses (Rozano et al., 2015, 2016). Malaysia was the second most important exporter of papaya in the world in 2004 with a total volume of 58,149 mt accounting for 21% of the global trade. Another devastating incident was later reported in Bidor, Perak (a state in the northern part of Malaysian peninsula close-by Thailand) in October 2004. Funct. 1, 179–184. Proteomics studies were also embarked to gather more information on host–pathogen interactions at the protein level, which may close the gap in illustrating specific gene function in a biological system. KT833845), mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (MPK4) (GenBank Accession No. However, these systems may not be suitable for validating defense-related genes in response to papaya dieback disease since they are not the hosts for the dieback causal pathogen. doi: 10.1093/bfgp/elv007. Eksotika. Systemic acquired resistance. URL www.actahort.org Hosted by KU Leuven Eksotika particularly on the strategies to address the challenges faced in order to sustain the economic value of this crop plant, which had contributed significantly to the Malaysian economy. Sekeli et al. Maktar, N. H., Kamis, S., Mohd Yusof, F. Z., and Hussain, N. H. (2008). It has gained a lot of attention ever since it was bred with good eating and aesthetic qualities for commercialization. The papaya in Hawaii. FIGURE 3. Last year-2.4%. There are numerous diseases and pests affecting papaya production, other than substandard quality fruits to be marketed inside or outside the country. Sci. Food. Wee, C.-Y., and Hamid, M. H. (2014). Besides, microorganisms-related diseases were also reported such as papaya fruit spot (Chupp, 1953), papaya leaf curl (Nariana, 1956), papaya mosaic (Conover, 1962), papaya powdery mildew (Alcorn, 1968), papaya ring spot (Cook and Milbrath, 1971), fungal root rot (Ko, 1971), and a later disease is the bacterial dieback or more commonly known as papaya dieback disease (Maktar et al., 2008). States affected by the disease from 2003 to 2006. Ind. 11,656–659. “Genetic engineering of ‘Eksotika’ papaya for resistance to papaya dieback disease,” in Proceedings of the 25th Malaysian Society of Plant Physiology Conference, Camas, WA, 18–20. This identification had a marked influence on subsequent work as it changed the scenario on how to tackle the disease problem faced, which started off with attempts to understand the pathogenic mechanism. By the end of 2006, the disease had spread to five other states on the west coast of the Malaysian peninsula namely Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Kedah, and Perlis (Figure 2). var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-3112662-2"); Abu Bakar, N., Badrun, R., and Sohaime, M. Z. Immun. In Malaysia, the current research is on development of GM papayas with resistance to Bacterial Die Back (BDB), the most devastating disease that currently holds back investment in papaya cultivation. Several papaya defense-related genes had been successfully over-expressed in tobacco plant model system and quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated high expression for all genes tested in the model plant (Zaidan et al., 2012). Attempts had also been made to investigate bacteria cell-to-cell communication system known as quorum sensing and its signal molecule, N-Acyl-L-Homoserine Lactone (AHL), which is responsible for pathogenicity in some Gram-negative plant pathogens. In general, the papaya fruits are harvested at the pre-climacteric stage, Index 2 (with traces of yellow), and allowed to ripen by keeping for 4–6 days under ambient temperature (25–28°C). However, increasing the storage-life to 3 weeks is still insufficient to meet the duration for distant markets. However, this is a short-term strategy and is ineffective in the long run with the papaya plantation still under threat and the issue of dieback remains unsolved. 25, 161–164. Another critical issue faced by the Malaysian papaya industry causing major postharvest losses is the short shelf-life of the fruit. Erwinia mallotivora sp., a new pathogen of papaya (Carica papaya) in Peninsular Malaysia. Hamid (2017) is a thesis material by the author of this review. In contrast, quorum quenching enzyme, N-acyl-L-homoserine lactonase (Ahl-lactonase) and N-acyl-homoserine lactone acylase (Ahl-acylase) which are able to degrade AHLs and eliminate pathogen virulence (Wang et al., 2004; Sio et al., 2006). Purseglove, J. W. (1968). The authors would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Education (MOE), Malaysia, for financial support under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS): FRGS/1/2015/SG05/MOA/02/1 and Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Malaysia, for the Internal Development Fund: 210030027000012015C.
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